In the late 16th century, Spanish conquistadors led by Miguel López de Legazpi established Manila as a fortress city after defeating a Muslim settlement. It became the colonial capital and a center for Roman Catholicism, with churches and schools built across the city. Manila faced foreign threats, including invasions by the Chinese, Dutch, and British. After becoming part of the U.S. administration in 1898, it grew socially and economically. World War II devastated the city, but post-war recovery led to rapid growth. By the 20th century, Manila emerged as a significant economic hub, though issues like congestion and terrorism persisted.